THE UNIVERSE

The universe according to the Babylonians (approximately circa 700-600 BC) is a room or enclosure with the flat earth as its floor and the sky and the stars as a roof in which there are biotic and abiotic life, as well as in it happens all good natural events which may be disclosed or who are not human.

The definition of universe includes the microcosm and macrocosm. Microcosm are objects that have a very small size, such as atoms, electrons, cell, amoeba and so on. While the macrocosm are objects that have a very large size, such as stars, planets and galaxies.

Astronomers use the term universe in terms of space and celestial bodies in it.

Since time immemorial people want to explain about the universe, the space probe has been done by the Ancient Greeks, and the investigation was evolving until now by using the equipment and knowledge high.

At the time of ancient Greeks thought that the earth and the sky very close, and the earth is very small when compared to the sky. They assume that the earth is governed by several gods including Zeus as the god of thunder and gods as the sun god Helius.

This assumption is increasingly not followed by the public, thanks to closer scrutiny by the people of his time. Pythagoras said that the earth was like a ball without the end of the base. Meanwhile, a Greek philosopher Aristotle who lived 200 years after Pythagoras tried to explain the circulation of the moon, Venus, Mars and other planets. Aristotle argued that on earth there are eight sky composed of translucent glass crystal. Moon circulated on earth is considered bound to the earth is nearest the sky. Then topped with mars sky, the sky Jupiter and Saturn Sky. While the stars are in the sky eight.

Ptolemy another Greek philosopher who lived 100 years after Aristotle construct a new theory of the cosmos, and he taught his followers that the heavenly bodies were all circulating around the earth at an empty space. Then the theory that truth is recognized by the Christian Church 200 years after Ptolemy died in Alexandria (Egypt).

Copernicus was born in Torum Poland (1473-1543), he studied astronomy in Italy, after years of investigating the stars and planets, he draws the conclusion that the only months that really revolved around the Earth, while the other planets not, but all around the sun. Copernicus time it secret for fear of legal discovery.

Galileo Galilei who in his day had been discovered the telescope, as a very important tool for the observation of celestial objects. On January 7, 1610 with a telescope discovered that Jupiter is not just a small point, but rather a big ball with four dial. He found the black lines on the surface of the moon and suspected sea or ocean. He also confirmed the theory of Copernicus, because he approved the Copernican theory, then he is punished or imprisoned by the court of the Church until his death.

There are two major categories of material that predict the occurrence of the solar system, namely:

1)   The solar system from the sun that most of the material apart and become planets and satellites. Famous theories that support this theory include:

a)   The theory of tides, raised by Jeans (1901). This theory states that there is a huge star that is closer to the sun, so that the resulting tidal effects on fog sun. Due to the appeal of a big star earlier, partly solar masses interested and detached from the sun which further cooled and formed the planets and satellites of the solar system.

b)   Twin Stars Theory, which states that the sun is a twin star, then the star exploded and the fragments are cooled to form planets and satellites. Because everything is affected by the gravitational force of the sun, the planets orbit around the sun.

2)   The solar system is derived from the fog of origin or Nebula, which consists of Helium and Hydrogen. This theory is known as Nebula theory that initially proposed by Immanuel Kant (1755) and Pierre de Laplace (1796).

a)   Nebula Kant Theory, stating that in the space containing various gases. Gases which attract a large mass of gases around him. Small parts that unites him to form the next great mist into the sun. Balls by the impact these gases cause haze and spins it into heat. Fog was subsequently cooled resulting in the rotation becomes faster. In place of the fastest lap is at the equator the ball was thrown balls of gas that is then cooled and formed the planets.

b)   Nabula Laplace Theory, in principle, the same as the theory put forward by Kant. Laplace thought that from the beginning fogs had indeed been spun and in hot conditions. Gas rotating it begins to cool and the resulting turnover accelerated. Part poles become oblate and equatorial areas buildup of gas. Consequently spins faster with depreciation then some of the gas in the equatorial region apart. Gases it cools and becomes planets revolve around the origin of mass.

According to this theory, as it revolves the rotating nebula it became flat like dish known as fog gyre. Core of the gyre fog is the most heat is the sun, and part of the outside cools so as to condense into planets.

This was later corrected by Fred Hoyle and Hanes Alven (1950), which explains the slowing rotation of the sun that is because the magnetic field that connects the sun with a disc of gas that rotates with moving moments swivel angle of the sun to the planets, so that the speed of rotation of the planets acceleration increases while the sun itself is reduced.

The Formation Of The Universe Theory

1.   The Big Bang Theory. This theory reads: "The universe was created about 15,000,000,000 (fifteen trillion) years ago, it happened came from the explosion of the atom or atoms primed early (Primeval Atom). The explosion was so big and powerful that caused scattered throughout the content (material and energy) were primed atoms in all directions." This theory was developed by George Lemaitre. Based on the assumption of a very large mass and has a very large density, because the nuclear reaction and then explodes violently. The mass then expands very rapidly away from the center of the explosion. Since then began an expansion that lasted thousands of millions of years and will continue to take place millions of years. On one day the expansion would end.

On the basis of the Big Bang theory, experts now successfully they re-formation of the universe from time to time, starting from the Big Bang and even today they can predict how the shape of the universe is a few centuries later, for example if the Milky Way where we are stand and closest neighboring galaxies are the Andromeda galaxy will move closer to each other and one day they will collide.

This theory seems to fit with what was spoken by Allah in the Al-Anbiya verse 30, namely: "Do not the unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth both first one piece, then We parted them. And from water we made every living thing. Then why do they not believe?" (Surah al-Anbiya: 30).

The above verse explains that the universe is composed of thousands of galaxies in which there is a solar system, nebulae, clusters and other celestial bodies originating from a cohesive mass which is then Allah wills separated.

2.   Steady-State Theory. The Big Bang theory quickly gained wide acceptance in the scientific world because the evidence is clear. However, astronomers who favored materialism and adhered to the idea of ​​an infinite universe that demanded held out against the Big Bang in their struggle to uphold a fundamental tenet of their ideology.

Astronomer who opposed the Big Bang theory was Fred Hoyle. Around the middle of the 20^th century he put forward a new model which he called "steady-state", which was an extension of the 19^th century idea of ​​an infinite universe. This theory is based on the perfect cosmological principle states that the universe is always the same wherever and whenever. Based on the principle of the universe take place at a certain time that has past and everything in the universe always remains the same even though the galaxies moving away from each other with each other. This theory is supported by the fact that the new galaxy has a number comparable to the old galaxy. With known radial velocities of galaxies receding from Earth that is connected to the distance between galaxies to the earth captured by satellite, it was concluded that the farther away a galaxy's distance to the earth, the faster the galaxies are moving away from the Earth. By accepting the evidence can not be denied that the universe expands, he argues that the universe is infinite in both dimension and time. According to this model, as the universe expands, the new material is constantly presented itself in the right amount so that the universe remains in a "steady-state". With the clear aim of supporting the dogma of "matter existed in infinite time", which is the basis of the materialist philosophy, this theory is absolutely opposed to the "Big Bang theory", which states that the universe had a beginning. Supporters steady state theory, Hoyle remained adamantly opposed to the Big Bang for years. However, they deny science.

3.   Expansion and Contraction Theory. Within a period of 30,000 million years into the expansion, formed the galaxies and their stars. The expansion is supported by the power that comes from the reaction of hydrogen nuclei, which in turn form the various other elements of the complex at the time of contraction, occurred galaxies and stars formed shrink to generate energy in the form of a very high heat.

4.   Creatio Continua Theory. This theory was put forward by Fred Hoyle, Bendi and Gold. They found when the universe was created there. The universe is always there and will remain there, in other words, the universe never began and never ends. At any time there are these particles then condense into fog-mist spiral with stars and the bodies of the universe. This development will reach a limit point of criticism in the 10 billion years. But in time 10 billion would be generated new fogs. According to this theory 90% of the material universe is oxygen. Of hydrogen to form helium and other substances.

The Formation Of The Universe Theory According to Islam

Creation of the universe according to the Qur'an one of which is explained that the universe is formed by six times, but the mention of six this period generated a lot of problems. Therefore, it is interpreted six times vary, ranging from a six-day, six-period, up to six stages. Therefore, the following discussion tries to explain the purpose of the six days of scientific standpoint, by referring to several verses of the Qur'an. One of the verses of the Qur'an that mention six stages, as in the letter of An-Nazi'at verses 27-33 as follows:

1.   Period 1 (An-nazi'at verse 27). Creation of Heaven First Time. The universe first formed from the big explosion called “big bang”, about 13.7 billion years ago. Big bang event that has been put forward by Georges Lemaitre, George Gamow in the 1930s, and Stephen Hawking in the 1980s that has already discussed the beginning of the universe. The theory explains that the universe originally composed a very tight spot, solid and heat, so-called point of singularity, a point that is not defined. Proof of this theory is microcosmic waves in space and also from meteorites. Clouds and dust that exploded consisting of hydrogen, so it can be said that hydrogen was the first element when the fog condenses while spinning and compact. Resulting in a change in the form of hydrogen which follows the equation E=mc², the amount of energy emitted is proportional to the mass of a hydrogen atom has changed. Furthermore, the wind and the stars burst from both poles of the fog, which then spread and eliminate the dust that surrounds it. Thus, the remaining mist form of disc-shaped, then create galaxy. Therefore it can be said that the universe as we know it is like cotton, are the blanks and parts are filled.

2.   Period 2 (An-nazi'at verse 28). Development and Improvement. In verse 28, there are two main points, namely the word "elevate the building" and "perfect". The word "elevate the building" here can only be analogized as the expanding universe, so the galaxies away from one another and the sky looks higher. As for the word "complete" indicates that the universe is not necessarily formed in the sense formed by chance, but rather in a process of continuous progress. Therefore it is not surprising anymore that the universe is an amazing thing and become an actual conversation by lovers of science.

3.   Period 3 (An-nazi'at verse 29). The formation of the solar system, including Earth. In the Surah an-nazi'at verse 29, I underlined about the mention that God made the dark night and the day bright. So it can be interpreted that the creation of the sun as a source of light and the earth rotated so that there was change of day and night. In the formation of the solar system many who predict that the formation of the solar system such as star formation is relatively small, about the size of Neptune's orbit. The process is the same as the formation of galaxies as above, only smaller. However, the above estimates are still relatively true.

4.   Period 4 (An-nazi'at verse 30). Beginning Mainland Earth. As in Surah an-nazi'at verse 30 that there are words overlay, commentators interpret overlay is the formation of the super continent Pangaea at the Earth's surface. Keep in mind also between period 3 and 4 there is conformity with the other surah relating to the process of creation of the universe one of which is the Al-Fusshilat verse 9, which means: "Say: 'why have you disbelieve in Him who created the earth in two periods, and you held allies for Him? (That is) so it is the Lord of the Worlds ".

5.   Period 5 (An-nazi'at verse 31). Water delivery to Earth via comets. At verse 31 may mean that the Earth has not been found in the water when initially formed. Thus, this verse shows the evolution of the Earth there is no water into water. Then the water where it comes from? The water is estimated to come from comets hitting the Earth when the Earth's atmosphere is still very thin. The element hydrogen which brought comet then react with the elements in the Earth and form water vapor. The water vapor then fall as rain first. Evidence that the water came from comets, is the ratio of deuterium and hydrogen in seawater, which is equal to the ratio of the comet. Deuterium is a hydrogen mass elements heavier than hydrogen in general. Because all life originated from water after the water is formed, the first life form single-celled plants began to appear in the water.

6.   Period 6 (An-nazi'at verses 32-33). Geological processes as well as the birth of animals and plants. In the verse above includes the word "mountains shaken by the firm" commentators interpret that after the creation of the land and the establishment of new water forming mountain, along with that also comes the first plant. After the mountain was formed then created animals and eventually humans as mentioned in verse 33.

Such interpretation of six days on the formation of the universe according to the Qur'an, since the emergence of the universe until the last human beings were created.